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File Size: 17178 KB

Print Length: 40 pages

Publisher: Capstone Press (November 1, 2014)

Publication Date: October 1, 2014

Sold by: Amazon Digital Services LLC

Language: English

ASIN: B00O33TRJU

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Reminiscent of Magic Treehouse books but written like a comic book with historical facts inserted here or there. My son will love it!

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Download Hollywood Babylon--It's Back!: All Those Celebrities, All Those Scandals, All That Nudity, And All That Sin, by Darwin Porter

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Review

The American movie industry is always eager for the spotlight if the close-up is flattering and good for business. But Hollywood may get more than it bargained for with HOLLYWOOD BABYLON'S compendium of stories, rumors, and myths. Virtually every page features one kind of train wreck or another, usually accompanied by spectacularly lurid photographs. Darwin Porter and Danforth Prince provide a hair-raising list of compromises and strategically granted sexual favors as proof that some stars will do anything for a part. Not even Grace Kelly and Lucille Ball escaped having to get down and dirty on the proverbial casting couch, according to Porter and Prince. Read these pages to learn what Robert Mitchum is said to have taught Marilyn Monroe on the set of THE RIVER OF NO RETURN that would prove useful during her rumored affair with JFK. Try as you might, you won't be able to stop turning the pages...In revealing so many facts previously under wraps, this book, in fact, raises the question of how much more remains hidden. --Shelf Awareness/ Bookselling NewsDishing with abaondon, the authors spare no one--especially not the dead. Marilyn Monroe had an affair with Ronald Reagan, Marilyn also had a tryst with Joan Crawford but refused to make it an ongoing affair. James Dean showed a disconcerting interest in a 12-year-old boy in the early 1950s. Lucille Ball launched herself into show business as a hooker, and her husband Desi Arnaz had a fling with Cesar Romero. Cary Grant had an incestuous relationship with his stepson, Lance Reventlow. And this, by the way, is only the tip of the iceberg. --Rush & Molloy, The NY Daily NewsMany of Hollywood's most outrageous secrets remained hidden. Until now. This book will set the graves of Hollywood's cemeteries spinning. --Daily Express (London)

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From the Inside Flap

For decades, there’s been speculation that somebody, somewhere, would produce an updated version of Hollywood Babylon, perhaps even more notorious than the first two volumes compiled a half-century ago by avant-garde filmmaker Kenneth Anger. For pop culture fanatics, his books became an underground legend. Anger’s original version had to be published in Paris, as it was too hot for America at the time. But beliefs about celebrities, sexuality, and morality have changed radically since then. New waves of narcissists, exhibitionists, and looney toons have invaded the entertainment industry. The gossip industry has transformed America into a nation of voyeurs. By today’s standards, Anger’s spin on Babylon looks downright demure. With a respectful nod to those long-ago statements by Kenneth Anger, Blood Moon is proud to release another Hollywood Babylon, in this case more shocking and more scandalous than before. Within this first volume, we visit Babylon as well as Sodom and Gomorrah. And we don’t deal just with Hollywood’s Golden Age—we zero in on some present-day brouhahas as well.Buyer beware: The scandals exposed within this book are not for the faint-of-heart. You might not think of the old pinups in quite the same way after reading this edition. Those offended by male movie stars dropping trou for offscreen cameras should stick to Alice in Wonderland. It’s true: We’re not shy about male nudity, or even female nudity. Today, nudity in films is commonplace. Anyone with a computer can see Colin Farrell, for example, performing cunnilingus on a Playboy beauty, or showing off his ten-inch pecker. In the past, the porno films made by major movie stars (including Joan Crawford and Sylvester Stallone) were enveloped in a sense of secrecy and, perhaps, shame. Today, what would previously have been defined as pornography regularly makes its way onto the screen. Within this book, Blood Moon daringly applies the gossipy reportage of today to the tabloid scandals of yesterday—think Confidential Magazine on amphetimines with access to the Internet. Breast measurements of Hollywood bombshells are being widely publicized. Even the mainstream press has gotten more graphic. Time Magazine has even published the length (in inches) of Hugh Grant’s penis. Scandal is not limited just to events within America. Within this edition of Hollywood Babylon, it goes global. As such, we visit the Vatican boudoir of a former pope and his male lovers. And we document Sir Winston Churchill’s onetime sexual liaison with Britain’s most handsome actor. There’s more. Revealed for the first time are stories about James Dean, the child molester; Bette Davis, offscreen murderess; Errol Flynn, the incestuous father; Ava Gardner, the part-time lesbian; and Marilyn Monroe’s involvements with Jackie Kennedy and Elvis Presley. We’ll even tell you about what happened to Judy Garland’s body before it was finally laid to rest. And for those size queens out there, both male and female, we’ll reveal the past and present-day winners of the Heavy Jockstrap awards. Hollywood celebrity biographer Darwin Porter and former New York Times reporter Danforth Prince take you on a roller-coaster ride through the scandals of yesterday and today. An early reviewer referred to this book as “A movieland massacre, followed by an autopsy with a scalpel whose cutting edge is coated with Lucretia Borgia’s poison.” It’s about The Good, The Bad, and the Fabulous. To those who love her, Hollywood was and is a gossipy, mendacious (Big Daddy’s word), and whorish place that remains captivating despite the passage of time. In this, the comeback of Hollywood Babylon, it’s depicted at its sleaziest, most venal, and most deliciously unseemly. Rock Hudson said it all. “In Hollywood you can keep a mistress, or a boyfriend, maybe both. You can go gay, bi-, or pan-sexual. Just don’t tell anybody and don’t get caught. What do you expect when you bring the world’s most beautiful people together in the same town?”

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Product details

Hardcover: 408 pages

Publisher: Blood Moon Productions; 1st edition (October 20, 2008)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 0974811882

ISBN-13: 978-0974811888

Product Dimensions:

7.4 x 1 x 10.7 inches

Shipping Weight: 2 pounds

Average Customer Review:

2.8 out of 5 stars

71 customer reviews

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#1,010,639 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

This is a really bad book: badly organized, badly written, badly edited, badly proofread. If you can actually finish it, you will wonder how Hollywood ever got any movies made. Everyone named seems to be having serial sex with everyone else all the time. There are lots of old recycled stories here, but there are some new ones I had never encountered before: Lucille Ball's early days as a whore? James Dean raped a 13-yr-old boy? John Wayne or Elvis Presley might have ordered Nick Adams killed? Judy Garland's corpse was defiled? Jackie and Marilyn had a face-to-face showdown in Truman Capote's apartment a few weeks before Marilyn's death?Since this is about Hollywood, I'm not sure why we got chapters on Pope Paul VI and Winston Churchill.Someone should have proofread this book in order to avoid spelling Scorsese's name wrong. Same with Ann-Margret. Shelley Winters is called both a "confidant" and a "confidante." Something about Frank Sinatra (p.180) takes place in Beverly Hills, only to be repeated (p. 185) as having happened in Palm Springs. That is the problem with this book: the constant repetition. We'll read a few paragraphs on one page and on the same page we have pictures with long captions that repeat the same information although with different spelling, capitalization, and punctuation. I began to suspect that one author wrote the prose, while the other author write the captions, and they never bothered to compare or to agree on a writing style. They can't even agree on "premier" versus "premiere."The grammar and punctuation errors are not to be believed. beserk? two wifes? 25,00 fans? God-give appendage? Speaking of which, the book starts out with a seemingly-endless discussion of who had the biggest appendage in Hollywood, and the usual suspects are named...over and over and over. The chapters all seem to have been written independently of each other and have been slapped together without editing, so that we get the same sentences over and over. I really got tired of being told who Henry Willson was and who the beefcake boys he discovered were. Tell me once. Don't tell me every other page.

I enjoy trashy gossip more than most straight men, but Darwin Porter's shocking revelations are too outrageous to swallow. Disbelief is impossible for me to suspend.Porter conjures gargantuan long-ago conversations that no living person could conceivably have witnessed, and only someone with a memory like Truman Capote could claim to remember in such detail even if the he or she had been on hand.The stories have a suspicious sameness. Porter's standard scoops involve (a) everyone in the movies being gay, (b) endless slavering chitchat about the sizes of various famous men's equipment, and (c) allegations of numerous leading women having been prostitutes. There surely must be some fresher twists on these classic memes.Finally, HB2 lacks the chain-saw wit that made Kanneth Anger's original Hollywood Babylon a classic. Porter's prose is just bitchy.But should you buy it? If you treasure old-Hollywood gossip, sure. The only bad rumors are the boring ones. Triteness and repetition aside, the anecdotes are real page-burners. And maybe there is truth behind the legends.

I can only speak for the kindle version but I've never read a book so confusing. They'd be talking about someone and then it would continue ten pages later in the middle of someone else's story. Not a terrible book, but lost points for being all over the page (pun intended). Writing average. Typical Hollywood dirt so if you like this type of gossip, you'll probably like it. Mostly old stars who are deceased, but some current celebs.

Having read Kenneth Anger's original two volumes which were noir-ish and fun, I was hoping this might be another go-around at Hollywood doing its level best to cover up for itself and being EXPOSED. Sadly, about the only thing that was true is the exposed part. Never have I seen a book so populated with male frontal nudity. This book abounds with grainy pictures that look as though they've been snagged off the net or photoshopped at a meat market/deli. To assert that this book is gaycentric is an understatement.The only thing that beats the pictures is the text. If you believe Darwin Porter, everyone in Hollywood is gay or minimally bisexual. Special attention is given to gay studs. Elvis Presley, James Cagney, everyone in Hollywood is gay. And for those who are not gay, they are probably promiscuous and have done time as prostitutes. Lucille Ball supposedly falls in the later category. There is some truth in the book, but there is a lot of garbage too.About Darwin Porter: he used to do travel guides, but moved up to write a graphic gay novel THE SILENT CLOSET. From there he managed to 'write' bios of Humphrey Bogart, Valentino, Merv Griffin, and Paul Newman. Yup, his subjects are all gay as are all their celebrity friends. His books are all based on secret notes, interviews, common knowledge, and (I suspect) gossip and urban legend. It would be very easy to write this stuff off as the wishful thinking of a gay man who wants gay to become mainstream, but it isn't that easy for a reader to just walk away. Even if it is obvious that the writer has an allegiance to the gay community, Porter is undeniably a terrific writer and does a great job with his sometimes over-the-top assertions. There is something naughty about reading this expose which can be likened to verbal porn. I felt like a portal had been opened up, I was sucked in, and was privy to all these secrets. I became Alice through the looking glass.There is a good aspect re: reading this book if you haven't been turned off by this and all the other negative reviews. I gave this book a 3* because in a screwy way these fancifully questionable stories were written by a first rate writer. My advice to a potential reader is to enjoy this, but keep an open mind that much is unreliable at best.

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Ebook Out There: A Scientific Guide to Alien Life, Antimatter, and Human Space Travel (For the Cosmically Curious), by Michael Wall

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Out There: A Scientific Guide to Alien Life, Antimatter, and Human Space Travel (For the Cosmically Curious), by Michael Wall

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Review

"This look at some of the key questions of the cosmos and human interactions--it is brain food with flair, and nearly impossible to put down--what a fun ride this book is!"―Alan Stern, principal investigator of NASA's New Horizons Pluto mission and former head of the space agency's Science Mission Directorate"Perhaps since the dawn of language, humankind's most profound quest has been to answer the question-'Are we alone?' Mr. Wall's book takes us on an insightful, engaging, and at times humorous journey through the cosmos, and explains why we may now be on the verge of answering that question!"―Bill Diamond, president and CEO of the SETI Institute."With a humorous, accessible tone, Wall, a senior writer for Space.com, answers questions about alien life and space travel...this should appeal to anyone who has ever looked up into the sky and wondered what is out there."―Publishers Weekly"Wall's witty and readable style is never preachy, and he readily acknowledges that new discoveries continue to turn long-held assumptions upside down (although it's probably safe to rule out moon-dwelling lunarians). This approach is effective in conveying lots of technical information within a context of manageable scenarios, bolstered by multiple pop-culture references."―Booklist"This book provides a simple introduction to possibilities of other intelligent species in a conversational approach that should appeal to a wide range of readers."―Library Journal"Out There is a refreshingly playful romp through the most exciting aspects of space exploration."―Scientific American"[A] succinct and accessible summary of the search for extraterrestrial life in the 21st Century...Out There goes a long way toward fostering a basic, scientific literacy on its topic. For anyone interested in research-based information about the search for ET, Wall proves the perfect guide and a sure hand. As an introduction for lay-readers, it's the perfect primer."―-Scientific Inquirer

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About the Author

Dr. Michael Wall is a senior writer at Space.com who has written extensively about the search for alien life. His work also has appeared in Scientific American, NBC News, Fox News and a number of other outlets. He holds a graduate certificate in science journalism from the University of California, Santa Cruz. Before becoming a writer, Dr. Wall worked as a biologist; he earned a Ph.D. in biology from the University of Sydney in Australia and has 15 peer-reviewed publications. He's based in San Francisco, where he also chronicles the space tech revolution in Silicon Valley.Illustrations by Karl Tate.

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Product details

Hardcover: 256 pages

Publisher: Grand Central Publishing (November 13, 2018)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 1538729377

ISBN-13: 978-1538729373

Product Dimensions:

5.8 x 0.9 x 8.6 inches

Shipping Weight: 13 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)

Average Customer Review:

4.4 out of 5 stars

22 customer reviews

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#52,241 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

This book has it all. It raises the most provactive, fascinating and often HILARIOUS hypotheticals. It will humor and inform. And above all, it will inspire your appreciation to simp!y live in these times. A pure joy on every page. Worth every penny.

This is an entertaining, light weight survey of the search for other life in the universe and the prospects that humans or their progeny will leave this planet (or this time). If you are familiar with SETI, exobiology or the search for exoplanets, this book will seem pretty basic, albeit fun. Perfect for someone new to the topic who is looking for a high-level overview leavened with a bit of humor. The book includes a short bibliography and plenty of references to weightier tomes.

The book really does not break any new ground but the absolutely maddening thing about it is the author's writing style, which comes across as a grandpa crashing his teenage grandchildren's swim party and trying to be hey, totally groovy. Phrases such as "If chimps had wheelie shoes, you'd think Jane Goodall would have said something", "The Red planet wasn't always as dry and cold as a frozen saltine", and "...pressures that would pop your head like a grape" assault the reader on almost every page, peppered with far too many instances of "cool" and "awesome". I love books about this subject matter but the forced nerdiness of this author's writing style eliminates him from my reading list.

This was a really interesting read. Some of this I knew, and a good amount I did not, but it was nice to have all the scattered bits of information that I have picked up along the years formatted into a book like this. The author writes in a very friendly matter-of-fact way. He does fantastic at explaining complex things in layman terms. In each small chapter there is an attempt at one or two jokes, many fall flat :-) but that's okay because I think it's important to throw in a bit of levity with this type of subject matter.I really enjoyed reading this and it was interesting to hear the author's thought experiments regarding aliens, living on Mars, and even the end of the universe itself.

I was very happy with the purchase and seller. I would purchase again from this seller.

best book of all time. so much detail and funny. Great for sif fans and for astronomyers like me. great for all ages. love this book read it

The book covers the subject very well in a non-technical manner and with a healthy sprinkling of humor. Very pleasant and informative read.

Although I haven't finished the book, I am already enjoying reading about important scientific topics, with a totally new way of understanding them, and what's going on beyond what one normally hears about them. Super Cool!!!

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Paperback: 104 pages

Publisher: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (August 17, 2018)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 1725877422

ISBN-13: 978-1725877429

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5 x 0.2 x 8 inches

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Average Customer Review:

5.0 out of 5 stars

1 customer review

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#162,931 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

Simple but perfect. Encouraging word searches and starter prompts, but open for individual responses and needs. Love it

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Product details

Paperback: 145 pages

Publisher: Independently published (March 14, 2019)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 1090364350

ISBN-13: 978-1090364357

Product Dimensions:

6 x 0.3 x 9 inches

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Average Customer Review:

3.6 out of 5 stars

4 customer reviews

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#2,574,932 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

This book came up on my recommended books list. Its a new author and i truly wanted to like this book. I read 6 chapters. However, that's the most i could do. I could not finish. The beginning didn't pull me in and i continued to read thinking it wld get better. It did not.

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Not your typical AA Urban writing. No criminals, dysfunctional families or struggle story. The author highlighted relatable topics such as seeking success, love, health. I like that there was not necessarily a "happily ever after" kind of ending but there was resolve to pressing issues for the leading characters. Definitely will continue to follow this author who's catalogue ranges from discovery of self worth, marriage journeys, story lines that are not dated,and some erotic poetry.

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Download PDF , by Clara Bensen

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File Size: 1023 KB

Print Length: 286 pages

Page Numbers Source ISBN: 0762459026

Publisher: Running Press Adult (January 5, 2016)

Publication Date: January 5, 2016

Language: English

ASIN: B016TX4EVW

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#654,550 Paid in Kindle Store (See Top 100 Paid in Kindle Store)

I absolutely loved this book! It has always been a dream of mine to travel without baggage. However, I always overpack! In 2008 I traveled to Turkey and visited many of Clara's sites. Her descriptions are perfect and capture the essence of the country. To also be dealing with her "relationship" added another level to her travels. I raced through this book, on a journey I didn't want to end. I recommend this book to all travelers, and especially armchair travelers!

I enjoyed this quick read. It makes me think a lot about how I travel with way too much "just in case I might need it" stuff. And the "no emotional baggage" concept is a really tough one to carry off! I would have liked to know how the author came to end her two-year hibernation due to depression. What made her decide to really live? I hope she does more writing.

This was chosen by my book club members. They did a good job. Bensen has a way with words that make you smile while making you think. The descriptions of her mental health issues are graphic and meaningful, without self pity and amazingly insightful. Thank you Bensen for sharing a most personal journey.

This is a cute memoir and an inspiring read for those of us who pack super light. I enjoyed reading about their adventures through eastern Europe and how they managed when things didn't go as planned. Being on my own quest for the perfect bag, I would have loved to know what bag Clara took, but that's a minor qualm. I wish there was more to the book, and details on their subsequent no baggage trips!

3.5 starsNo Baggage is about a twenty-something learning how to live baggage-free both physically and emotionally. I think Bensen's strength is her ability to paint scenes and landscapes. She makes great use of analogy to familiarize unfamiliar places for the reader. I think she would make a great travel writer. The emotional story throughout the book is interesting enough, but I actually found her self-awareness and deprecation a bit too much. I didn't like how often she seemed to apologize for how she felt, but I understand how painfully self-aware twenty-somethings can be. This book did a good job though of reminding me how uncomfortable my 20's were, so I do applaud her frank approach. On a side note, I really hope she outgrew this Jeff character, he is truly the most painful part of this whole journey. Overall, this book is a bit obvious for someone older though probably really fascinating to read if you're in your 20's or into the YA genre.

Loved the writing. Read it with my daughter while traveling- we both wished we had left with just a purse and a dress! Hope she writes more.

This book can stand proudly on its own even if it is compared to "Eat, Pray, Love" by Elizabeth Gilbert. Our book group could have spent more than a single evening discussing "No Baggage". Clara Bensen is brilliant and brave in sharing her personal experience and provides insight for anyone walking the thrilling but stony path that comes with every life.

What a delightful read on minimalism, wanderlust, travel and love. You'll enjoy this refreshing take on a modern romance. Highly recommend.

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Free PDF Empire of Cotton: A Global History

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Empire of Cotton: A Global History

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Audible Audiobook

Listening Length: 20 hours and 15 minutes

Program Type: Audiobook

Version: Unabridged

Publisher: HighBridge, a Division of Recorded Books

Audible.com Release Date: December 2, 2014

Language: English, English

ASIN: B00PT3NL72

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

This is an academic treatment of how the modern industrial economy was born: heavy in detail, clear in analysis, if somewhat dry at times. While much of the ground has been covered elsewhere, the synthesis, breadth, and grand themes that emerge are unavailable in a single volume, to my knowledge. For me, it was a seminal reading experience, a necessary perspective that brought things together in a way that will influence my view of modern society for the rest of my life.The principal idea of the book is that the cotton industry, which represented the first step in the development of the modern industrial economy, was created by slavery and brutal and ever-more-efficient state coercion in cooperation with private capital. Global in scale, this convergence of factors would re-fashion the everyday lives of a majority of people on the planet - subordinating their working days to the rhythms of machines that replaced human muscle labor, opening the way to unprecedented prosperity for many, and enabling decisionmakers far from their homes to control the lives of people they will never meet.Beckert sees several steps in these developments. In the beginning, there was the development of "war capitalism". In a nutshell, this was the forcible appropriation of land and labor, with the cooperation of a primitive form of the state. While cotton had been in use for millenia, it was limited to small, very local, networks at this time. As demand grew and new forms of mechanized manufacture began to appear, war capitalism vastly increased the scale of cotton cultivation, employing slaves to undertake the backbreaking work of clearing the land and then the thankless task of harvesting the cotton - their utility was cheap labor that could be forced to work by any means necessary. Meanwhile, the state aided in the acquisition of land - because it exhausted the soil quickly, cotton cultivation required continual land appropriation - and the displacement or elimination of whomever was unfortunate enough to occupy that land, in most cases Amer-Indians. For their part, capitalist traders emerged in Manchester, a mercantile capital that gained tremendous market influence and political power to bring the state into alignment with their interests.The next phase opened with the invention of new means of production, in particular in the harnessing of chemical power in mills of ever-expanding scale and with elaborate forms of administrative innovation. At the same time, the state got involved with the protection and establishment of markets for their goods, both in supply but also for selling, i.e the distribution of goods. Industry was national and nationalistic. The natural culmination of this was the colonial enterprise. This was the second great legacy of the cotton empire: the de-industrialization and control of vast new territories. For example, the skills required for the production of the fine muslin of India were completely and forever destroyed. The native populations were subjugated to this order, fitting integrally into a hierarchy that exploited them while enriching captains of industry and politicians in colonial capitals. Meanwhile, manufacturing facilities became the source of massive employment, drawing people from the countryside to urban agglomerations that grew to then-incredible proportions.Furthermore, the state remained intimately involved in the development of the economy in the major colonial states, not only in the development of supporting infrastructure, but in the legal subjugation of workers for the protection of the evolving industrial practices. This was the crucial step in the virtuous circle that arose of self-reinforcing economic development, resulting in a far more intricate and complex industrial economy that emerged in the product cycles of related manufactures. It can only be described as a revolution that changed our lives so fundamentally that it is on a par with the neolithic revolution.Of particular interest is the evolution of the political economy of slavery. It was seen as a necessity for cotton production in the American South - a phenomenally profitable enterprise that created capital for further industrial investment that benefited all free Americans regardless of location - and as a crucial basic resource for all the new manufacturing powers. When the American Civil War began, it severely disrupted the world economy, based as it was on cotton, and the industrialized nations desperately sought to increase the supply of raw cotton. After that war, it was proven that low-wage sharecroppers could be counted on to produce cotton in a profitable way, supported as it was by state and private repression of the newly freed slaves. The colonial powers took note of this. In the US South, this arrangement was to survive for almost a full century, when automated cotton picking was finally perfected in the 1940s.The most recent phase of the industry is its globalization, a shift of manufacturing to the former colonies. The real power gravitated to transnational corporations - predominantly retailers like Walmart or Gap - that were no longer subject to coherent national legal jurisdictions, hence largely disconnected from nationalistic considerations. While this caused the precipitous decline of once-prosperous cities like Liverpool, it is part of the ebb of flow of 21C capitalism. Organizational innovation extended to the development of massive logistical networks to handle getting cotton to manufacturers and then distributing their low-cost products in developed nations at a hefty profit. As this is so new, it is the least developed portion of the book. I suspect it decisively locks Third World producers and manufacturers into a lower-value added position, where design and brand generate greater profits for transnational corporations and their shareholders that no longer need to worry about employees in their home base of operation.The implications of the book are of great interest and relevancy. First, it proves that the free classes all benefited directly and lastingly from slavery as an enabler of the first phase of industrialization. Without slaves (and subsequently share croppers or colonial serfs), both investment capital and the self-reinforcing and expanding product base of consumer capitalism would have accumulated far more slowly, perhaps over centuries rather than decades. This is the best argument for reparations that I have yet seen - the line from slavery and colonialism to prosperity for most of us is direct, while the descendants of slaves and serfs remain exploited and oppressed. Second, the state functioned as a crucial support for the development of private enterprise, from protecting nascent industries to enforcing laws that favored the manufacturing class. This flies in the face of neo-liberal ideology, which argues for a "free trade" that locks the developing world into an inferior status.This book is a wonderful intellectual adventure, its ideas are far more subtle than I could ever express here. It is a bit too academic for my taste, covering developments in exhaustive detail, but on the whole it is a page turner. Recommended with the greatest enthusiasm.

At the heart of Harvard history professor Sven Beckert’s award-winning book, “Empire of Cotton: A Global History,” is a simple but compelling syllogism: the wealthy, capitalist world we Americans live in today was created by the Industrial Revolution; the Industrial Revolution was driven by massive productivity gains in textile manufacturing; cotton was the essential raw ingredient that powered textile manufacturing. Thus, if it weren’t for cheap and plentiful supplies of raw cotton, the world we live in today might very well look quite different.The way Beckert tells the story, it seems to me, is that there have essentially been five major epochs in global cotton production and manufacturing.First, for most of world history, cotton was a locally produced and consumed commodity. Eastern Africa, South Asia (India, specifically), and Central America were the cradles of the early cotton industry, which Beckert writes developed independently, yet along similar lines as the raw cotton was processed and spun in close proximity to where it was grown, usually in individual households and by women.Second, over the course of centuries beginning around 1500, Europeans radically transformed the world of cotton through what Beckert calls “war capitalism”: a violent mixture of imperial expansion, slavery, and land expropriation. To start, Europeans captured the international trade network of Indian textiles from the overland Arab traders once sea routes were mapped and key coastal port cities dominated. Control of the transportation network then reinforced the system as African slave traders demanded Indian calicoes for their human chattel that were, in turn, required to work the sugar fields of the West Indies that generated massive wealth for the semi-private companies operating out of London and Continental Europe. The last piece of the cotton process puzzle to elude Europeans was manufacturing, primarily because they had no ready access to raw cotton and the labor costs of European workers were orders of magnitude greater than that of rural Indians.Third, and in this reviewer’s opinion the real heart of the story, is Europe’s rapid and shocking domination of textile manufacturing beginning in the 1790s, and the associated role of slavery in the American South in making that happen.The construction of Samuel Greg’s simple little factory, Quarry Bank Mill, on the Bollin River outside of Manchester, England in 1784 might have seemed unremarkable at the time, but it set in motion “the most important event in world history,” according to the celebrated (Marxist, it must be noted) historian Eric Hobsbwam: the Industrial Revolution. Beckert argues that war capitalism – that aforementioned combination of slavery, colonial domination, militarized trade, and land expropriations – provided the foundation for industrial capitalism, and the manufacturing of cotton would be the driving commodity behind its development. Indeed, Beckert writes, “industrial capitalism was the offspring of war capitalism, the previous centuries’ great innovation.”War capitalism had given England control over many nodes in the global cotton network, but manufacturing still eluded its grasp. The primary challenge was labor rates. The only way the British could hope to compete with the Indians who had dominated the market for centuries was through massive productivity gains leveraging new technology. British innovations like the flying shuttle (1733), spinning jenny (1760), water frame (1769), and mule (1779) combined to produce breathtaking efficiencies. For example, it took an estimated 50,000 man-hours to produce 100 lbs. of raw cotton in India in the 1750s. By 1790, water-powered British factories around Manchester had cut the time to 1,000 hours, and would drop to 300 hours by 1795.Beckert writes that cotton manufacturing “was the first major industry in human history that lacked locally produced raw materials.” As British manufacturing skyrocketed, so too did the demand for (and price of) raw cotton. The production methods of the traditional suppliers – India and the Ottomans – simply could not keep up. Manchester traders turned to the West Indies and their large slave plantations to pick up the slack, which were effective but constrained by limited available land for expansion into cotton, fierce competition from sugar farming, slave rebellions (Haiti had provided 24% of England’s cotton before the 1791 revolt), and eventually the war with France.As a result, cotton farming in the United States exploded in the years just after independence. Indeed, American cotton for export was almost unknown before the mid-1790s. Not only did the revolt in Haiti deprive the Manchester mills of raw material, it also dispersed experienced cotton plantation managers to the low country of the American South. Moreover, when Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793 it increased productivity with American Upland cotton by a factor of 50 virtually overnight.The combined results of these events was staggering. From 1.5 million pounds of cotton produced in 1790 (2% of total US export value), output jumped to 36.5 million pounds in 1800 and climbed to 167.5 million pounds (32% of total exports) by 1820. By the start of the Civil War cotton accounted for nearly two-thirds of total US export values. No wonder so many believed “King Cotton” might force England into an open military alliance with the Confederacy. After all, American cotton had fueled the export of British yarn from 350,000 pounds in 1794 to a staggering 200 MILLION pounds in 1860. Unlike other potential competitors, the United States possessed virtually limitless land (much of it expropriated from Native Americans), an abundance of slave labor, and the capital necessary for the development of large-scale agricultural operations. Plantation owners quickly emerged as “the world’s most important growers of the industrial age’s most important commodity”; the Mississippi Delta “a kind of Saudi Arabia of the early 19th century,” in one of Beckert’s many memorable phrases.Dependence on American cotton was worrying to manufacturers in England. What if the rapidly industrializing, fledgling republic across the Atlantic should decide to invest in cotton manufacturing themselves? Or cut favorable deals with continental competitors? Worst still, how much longer was slave labor politically tenable? In an effort to diversify the sources of supply, the British government attempted to build experimental, southern-style plantations in India, complete with American cotton farmer managers. Every attempt failed. Growing cotton, it seemed, was only viable with slave labor.It was during the fourth epoch in cotton history that this thesis was dramatically put to the test, a period I’d call “post-bellum cotton colonialism.” At the start of the U.S. Civil War, American cotton accounted for 75% to 90% of all European manufacturing needs. From 3.8 million bales of cotton in 1860, U.S. cotton exports to Europe fell to virtually zero two years later. Prices for raw cotton quadrupled. The world was gripped by a “cotton famine,” what Beckert suggests was “the world’s first truly global raw material crisis.” England turned again to India, this time with no alternative. By 1862, India was supplying 75% of England’s raw cotton, up from just 16% two years before. Brazilian and Egyptian cotton production also jumped. “The crisis of American slavery in effect forced and enabled the reconfiguration of the cotton growing countryside” all around the world is a way that previous attempts failed to produce. But these efforts were aided by highly inflated raw cotton prices. What would a world with cotton but without slavery ultimately look like?The global cotton network responded with remarkable vigor and success. Raw cotton, which traded for $0.11 per pound in 1860 and remained as high as $0.24 by 1870 dropped to $0.07 per pound by 1894, all while global consumption of cotton doubled. So how were such feats of agricultural productivity achieved without slave labor? According to Beckert, it was driven by a new, powerful imperial state in partnership with industry. Between 1876 and 1915, a quarter of the world’s land surface was carved up among the industrial powers. In the wake of slavery, and reaching deep inland across the cotton growing regions of the world, a new system of credit, private land ownership, contract law and industrial infrastructure projects (railroads, canals, telegraphs) bolstered harvest yields to new heights, even across the former Confederacy where sharecroppers clawed their way back so that by 1890 they were producing twice their pre-war records and reclaimed their dominant position supplying the British mills.“Cotton and colonial expansion went hand in hand,” Beckert writes. England in India and Egypt, Japan in Korea and China, Russia in Central Asia, and the United States in the Native American lands of the West all aggressively pushed cotton production to meet global demand while growing domestic textile industries. Between 1860 and 1920, 55 million acres (roughly the size of Minnesota) across the globe – from the German colony of Togo in West Africa to the vast steppes of Central Asia – were repurposed, often forcefully by the state, for cotton production. Powerful nation states, in league with industrial enterprises, “secured huge swaths of territory on which cotton could be grown and they their accumulated bureaucratic, infrastructural, and military might to mobile cotton growing labor,” often by recasting social arrangements similar to those used to foster the growth of industrial wage labor in the early days of the Industrial Revolution.But what about the processing of all that raw cotton into usable yarn and thread, not to mention the manufacturing of finished products, such as the mass production of inexpensive shirts and dresses? That required an entirely different type of labor: wage labor. “It is difficult to overstate the importance and revolutionary nature of this new organization of human labor,” Beckert writes. Mobilizing large numbers of workers, perhaps thousands, paying them fixed wages and then monitoring their work and effort was an entirely novel concept in the early nineteenth century.Finally, we are today living in a world of global, post-modern cotton. “The empire of cotton has continued to facilitate a great race to the bottom”… as “capitalism both demands and creates a state of permanent revolution.” A mere century ago, a typical, middle-class American’s cotton dress shirt would have been produced from a cotton boll grown in Mississippi, woven and spun into thread in a Massachusetts mill, and then sewn into the final product in a New York City workshop. Today, we (Americans) wear cotton shirts from fibers likely grown in Uzbekistan or Senegal, spun and woven into thread in China or Pakistan, and manufactured into our hip, “Casual Friday Appropriate”, GAP buttoned-down Oxford in Bangladesh or Vietnam.Beckert stresses that cotton production has exploded in growth while moving almost effortlessly to the lowest cost producer. In 1860, when the American South ruled with “King Cotton,” the territory of the former Confederacy produced a relatively astounding 5 million bales of cotton, the vast majority of the world’s supply at the time. Yet, by 2012, the heavily federally subsidized United States cotton growing industry (which received $35 billion in subsides between 1995 to 2010), mostly based in Texas and Arizona, produced over three times that amount, some 17 million bales of cotton, or just over 14% of the world’s production. Meanwhile, cotton growing and manufacturing has returned to its roots, such as China, whose factories today account nearly half of the world’s spindles and looms, and whose fields generate nearly a third of the global annual cotton crop (India, another pre-industrial cotton society, has also re-emerged as a leading producer, accounting for a fifth of global raw cotton production today). Cotton has been a globalized industry since at least the late 19th century, but today’s globalization is different in some remarkable ways, according to the author, namely that modern multinational corporations, such as Walmart or the French retailing giant Carrefour, are both enormously influential buyers of finished cotton goods and yet, unlike before, largely independent from any insurmountable coercive pressure from specific nation states.In sum, “Empire of Cotton” is a brilliant history of an indispensible commodity, easily on par with such classics as Daniel Yergin’s “The Prize” history of petroleum or Peter Bernstein’s “The Power of Gold.”

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Empire of Cotton: A Global History PDF

Empire of Cotton: A Global History PDF

Empire of Cotton: A Global History PDF

Empire of Cotton: A Global History PDF